IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


i.O     V^  1^ 


I.I 


1.25 


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■U    136      1 


2.2 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MA.IN  STRUT 

WEBSTER,  N.r.  MSM 

(716)S72-4S0» 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  c 
to  the 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


0 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicul6e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g£ugraphiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

□   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

r~T|    Bound  with  other  material/ 
bLl    RellA  avec  d'autres  documents 


n 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

I  a  re  liure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 

II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouttes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  ceia  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6tA  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  dt6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquto  ci-dessous. 


□   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


D 

D 


Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  peilicuites 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe( 
Pages  d^colories,  tachet^es  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  inigaie  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materia 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplimentaire 


r~T]  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I     I  Pages  detached/ 

rT]  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmtes  A  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


The  ii 
possil 
of  the 
fiimin 


Origir 
begin 
the  la 
sion, 
other 
first  p 
sion, 
or  illu 


Thel{ 
shall  ( 
TINUI 
whicti 

Maps 
diffen 
entire 
begini 
right  < 
requir 
meth( 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 


10X 


14X 


18X 


22X 


26X 


30X 


^ 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thenks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

New  Bruniwicic  IMuseum 
Saint  John 


L'exempiaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grAce  k  la 
gin^rositA  de: 

New  Bruntwicic  Museum 
Saint  John 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  iteeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exempiaire  f  ilm6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sont  filmAs  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impres&ion  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  seion  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  Y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboies  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


IVIaps.  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
film4s  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film6  A  partir 
de  I'angle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthocfe. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

32X 


Voii^i-.^yuenls  of  Uic  Auth-vi 


ALL   AROUND 


THE  BAY  OF  PASSAMAQUODDY 


WITH    THH    INTliRPRETATION   OF   ITS    INDIAN 
NA.MtS  OF  LOCALITIES 


BV 


ALBERT  s.  GA  rscHirr 


Hni'KivrHip  iHoM  TnK  N  stional  <  ii;oi;i!  ai'iik  M  \';azinl,  V<>i  ■  Vi  1 1.   No    I 

.lANI'AliV,     1S'.».7] 


WASniNdlDN,   J).    V. 
Jl'nii    \    DKTWKII.IU.     1"H1STI:US 

18«7 


ALL  AROUND  THE  BAY  OF  PASSAMAQUODDY 

By  Albkut  S.  Gatschict, 
Bureau  of  American  Ethnology 

Travelers  coming  from  the  south  will  find  in  the  deeply  in- 
dented coast  lands  of  the  state  of  Maine  a  type  of  landscape 
differing  considerahly  from  others  previously  noticed.  Through 
the  fiord-like  character  of  Maine's  tidewater  section  the  water 
element  every  where  blends  in  with  terra  Jivmn,  which  alternatel}' 
projects  and  recedes,  and  by  the  woU-marked  color  contrast  be- 
tween tlie  blue  ocean  and  the  green  orsomber-hued  earth  strikes 
our  sight  agreeald}'.  The  level  shore  lands  of  the  southern  At- 
lantic states  are  here  replaced  by  hills,  headlands,  and  capes  of 
bolder  outlines,  partly  clothed  in  the  fainter  green  of  northern 
vegetation,  while  other  elevations  exhibit  the  rocky,  ocean-beaten 
foundation  upon  which  they  are  built.  The  dark-hued  pine  and 
fir  trees,  which  in  other  countries  live  in  the  mountains  oidy, 
here  descend  to  the  sea-coast,  enlivening  the  tops  and  sides  of 
the  numerous  islands  which  lie  scattered  along  the  coast.  The 
further  we  proceed  northeastward  along  the  coast,  the  more  the 
scenery  assumes  a  northern  character.  This  is  well  evidenced 
by  the  spare  vegetation  and  the  tiiinness  of  the^uimus  which 
we  notice  everywhere  in  and  around  I'assamaquoddy  bay,  an 
extensive  basin,  the  waters  of  which  are  fed  by  the  majestic  St 
Croix  river  from  the  north  and  by  the  St  George  or  Megigadevic 
river  from  the  east.  The  mainland  encompasses  this  bay  on  all 
sides,  fringing  it  witii  rock-bound  promontories  and  some  flat 
sand  spits ;  only  on  the  southeast  side  does  it  open  toward  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  and  tliere  a  row  of  islands  forms  its  limit  and 
affords  numerous  passages  suitable  for  navigation. 

The  elevations  encircling  the  bay  of  Passamaquoddy,  though 
bolder  than  those  we  see  further  south,  are  mostly  flat-topped 
and  of  tame  outlines.  They  are  ncciring  an  incline  of  20  to  30 
degrees,  and  therefore  the  local  erosion  through  the  impact  of 
rain  is  not  very  considerable.  None  of  the  hills  or  islands  in  the 
bay  rise  above  sea  level  more  than  about  300  feet.  A  feature  that 
may  be  pertinently  called  the  hendlmid  shore  is  prominent  here- 

Whenever  a  portion  of  the  mainland  or  of  one  of  the  larger 
islands  in  this  region  advances  toward  the  salt  water  it  first 

16 


17 


ALL  AliOVND  THE  HAY  OF  PASSAMAqVODUY 


sinks  down,  forming  ii  dopresHion.  and  then  rinos  an  a  knoll  or 
rounded  hillock  or  hill  heloro  it  plunges  its  rocky  face  abruptly 
into  tile  ocean.  These  forniatioiv-i,  appropriately  termed  hauh  or 
heittUaiiiln,  are  frecpmnt  all  around  l*assama(]Uoddy  hay,  Campo- 
hello  islanil,  Cohscook  hay,  and  in  many  otlu^r  sections  of  the 
Maine  and  New  Brunswick  coasts.  JJeaches  liilcd  with  coarse 
gravel,  the  detritus  of  the  rocky  shores,  form  the  transitory  stage 
between  the  headlands  and  the  more  level  promontories  or  points. 
Not  infrcipiently  one  headland  succeeds  another  in  a  line;  before 
reaching  the  water,  and  even  aftisr  reaching  the  shore  they  reap- 
pear, jutting  out  from  the  Ijriu}'  element,  two  or  three  in  suc- 
cession, and  lying  in  one  continuous  fde.  This  I  have  observed, 
c.  (J.,  on  the  north  shore  of  Cohscook  bay,  west  of  Kastport, 
Maine.  ('ampo])ello  island.  New  Brunswick,  is  replete  with 
"heads"  on  its  far-extending  shores,  the  islantl  being  eleven 
miles  long  from  north  to  south  ;  thus  we  have  V>;\h\  liead,  Wilson 
liead,  East  Quoddy  head.  Friar's  head.  Head  harbor— whereas 
the  term  "  point,"  less  frecpient  there,  ai)pears  in  more  numerous 
in.stances  on  the  west  side  of  the  ba}'  and  u[)  the  St  Croix  river. 

Two  large  whlrlpoids,  perceptible  in  the  channel  of  the  St  (h'oix 
river,  are  objects  of  great  curiosity  to  the  strangers  visiting  these 
parts.  One  of  them  occurs  between  Moose  island  and  the  southern 
end  o*^  Deer  island.  New  Brunswick  ;  the  other,  of  minor  propor- 
tions, lies  two  miles  above,  the  river  being  over  one  mile  wide  at 
each  i)lace.  They  are  carefully  avoided  by  people  passing,  either 
in  a  white  man's  boat  or  in  the  Indians'  canoe,  for,  like  Char^'bdis 
of  old,  they  are  liable  to  capsize  any  small  craft  that  ventures  to 
come  too  near.  They  owe  their  existence  not  exclusively  to  the 
shock  produced  by  the  impact  of  the  currents  from  the  bay  meet- 
ing those  of  the  river,  but  also  to  the  incoming  tides  and  to  a 
difference  of  temperature  between  the  two  bodies  of  water. 

The  air  temperature  is  generally  low  on  the  bay  and  around 
it.  Winter  begins  in  Octol)er,  and  even  at  midsummer  persons 
who  are  not  provided  with  warm  clothing  will  often  feel  a  chill 
pervading  their  system  when  a  sudden  breeze  breaks  in  from  the 
north  or  a  thick  fog  stays  till  noontime  over  the  ever-moving 
waters.  The  weather  is  generally  serene  throughout  the  year, 
but  nevertheless  morning  fogs  are  of  frequent  occurrence. 

The  Canadian  Pacilic  is  the  only  railroad  company  that  brings 
visitors  to  the  hospitable  shores  of  Passamaquoddy  l)a\',  but  there 
are  nutnerous  steamboats  plying  between  St  Andrews,  St  Ste- 
phen, Calais,  and  Eastportand  the  neighboring  cities  of  St  Johns, 


ALL  AROUND  THE  BAY  OF  PASSAMAQUODDY 


18 


Bar  Harbor, and  Portland.  Whother  the  touriHt  visits  tho.so  parts 
for  si^htsoeiiif^or  t\)r  nistorinj;  inipairuil  iiealtli  l»y  tlicaid  oftlu'ir 
l>racin<i  sua-brcezes,  he  is  sure  to  take  a  peculiar  interest  in  the 
native  Indians,  whom  he  sees  peddlin}^  their  neat  basi<(,'ts  and 
toys  alon<i  the  streets,  on  steand)i)ats,a!id  on  hotel  verandas.  lUit 
little  att(Mition  is  n  'd(;d  to  scan  the  Indian  among  a  crowd  of 
})eople  i)y  his  dusky  coniplexion  iind  a  sort  of  nonchalance  in 
his  deportment.  His  appearance  and  habits  show  hitn  to  be  a 
livinj:  and  movinjj;  survival  from  prehistoric  times. 

Tlu!  I'iissiinia(iuod(iy  Indians  of  Maine  consiitute  a  portion  of 
the  northeastern  or  .AbnaUi  j^roup  of  tlie  widespread  Aljioidiinian 
stock,  of  which  the  ancient  domain  extended  over  a  j;n'j!;e  area 
of  the  United  States  and  Canada.  "  he  Ab.iaki  Indians  nov»'  sur- 
viving are  divided  into  five  seetioiis,  among  which  (I)  the  /V- 
iiolh^rots  in  Oldtown  arc  the  nearest  jillinity  in  language  and  nice 
to  the  (2j  >SV  Fi'(iiici'<  IihIIuhs  of  Canada  ;  ('•>)  the  I'dxaidiuKjiKKldic^,  k 
whose  nearest  kinsmen  are  (4)  the  Millrilc.-*,  or  Ktchcmins  (this  I 
is  their  .Micniac  name),  scattered  idong  the  St  .lohns  river,  New 
Brunswick ;  (o)  the  Mimuics,  settled  in  Nova  Scotia  and  on  the 
east  coiist  of  New  I'runswick. 

The  present  Passamaipioddics  arcMhout  five  huntlriul  in  num- 
ber, and  a  large  intermixture  with  white  blotxl  has  takei^  place, 
wdnch  according  to  a  safe  estimate  nniy  amount  to  one-third  of 
the  tribe.  In  about  the  saine  |»roj»ortioii  they  have  also  preserved 
their  Indian  vernacular,  which  among  its  Kuropean  loan  words 
counts  more  i)f  English  than  of  French  origin.  Many  of  these 
natives  exhibit  unmistakably  the  full  physical  niarks  of  Indiiin 
descent — the  long,  stnught,  and  dark  hair,  the  strong  nasal  i»one, 
and  a  rather  dark  complexion.  The  cheek-bones  are  not  very 
l)rominent.  The  majority  of  the  tribe  are  slim-built  and  of  a 
medium  stature.  They  are  not  increasing,  and  their  Indian 
congeners  on  the  Penobscot  river  an;  positively  on  the  decrease. 

No  central  chief  rules  over  these  I  ndians  now,  but  each  of  their 
three  settlements  in  Maine  has  a  sagum  or  elective  governor. 
These  settlements  all  lie  on  watercourses  or  on  the  seashoie. 
The  one  nearest  to  Kastport  is  at  Pleasant  point,  near  the  town 
of  Perry  ;  another  is  in  a  suburb  of  Calais,  and  a  third  one  for. 
inerly  lived  npo]|  T.tnvis  island,  but  transferred  its  seats. tj)  the 
neighboring  Peter  Dana's  ])oint,  near  Princeton,  on  the  Kcmjj3-  ^ 
l^assis  river,  ahout  42  nnlcs  "nortli  of  Kastport.  Fishing  is  one 
of  their  chief  industries,  but  in  this  they  now  follow  entirely  the 
example  set  by  the  white  man  ;  they  care  nothing  for  agriculture, 
and  their  village  at  Pleasant  point  is  l)uilt  upon  the  rockiest  and 


lU 


AfJ.  AliOVM)  TIIK  HA  V  CF  J'ASSAMAQCODny 


I 


1 


: 


(I 


most  un|)n)(lu(;tiv(;  {^'rouiid  tlmt  could  Imve  hoon  soloctod.  'I'ho 
Hiimc  niiiy  Iks  Huid  of  hoiius  «)tlu!r  Indian  HottliMnnntH,  Tor  inimy 
liidiiinH  do  not  rotiuin!  any  better  soil  to  rest  their  houses  upon. 

The  industries  now  rorniiiit,'  their  main  support  are  the  nian- 
ufaetun;  of  toy  lioats  I'rom  hireh  l»ark,ot'  lishinj,'  canoes  from  the 
same  material,  of  fans  from  ash-wood,  and,  ehioHy,  of  ornann'ntal 
and  fanciy  l)ask(!ts  from  the  wood  of  the  yellow  ash.  The  haskiitH 
are  made  hy  the  women,  and  durinj^  the  sunnner  season  th(!  mini 
sell  them  in  the  markets,  (\speeially  at  the  watering  places  and 
in  the  comuK'rcial  centers  of  the  eastcirn  states.  'I"he  women 
ilisplay  a  hi;,di  de<j;reo  of  taste  in  selecting  their  models  for  these 
tiny,  elegant,  an<l  delioate  art-products.  Tin;  ash-wood  is  split 
into  splints  or  hlades  of  extreme  thinness  hy  machinery,  seldom 
wider  than  an  inch,  tiien  dyed  in  all  possible,  hut  always  bright, 
colors.  .After  this  the  splints  are  int(?rlaccd  so  as  to  form  baskets 
of  the  most  varied  shapes.  During  the  work  of  interlacing, 
blades  of  sweet-scented  grass  are  inserted  in  the  baskets,  and 
thus  '•  (inislied  "  they  are  sent  to  the  stores  with  a  fragrant  odor, 
which  clings  to  them  for  months  and  increases  their  salabilit}'. 

The  present  area  of  the  l*assanni(pn)ddy  dialect  is  confined 
within  a  small  district  in  Washington  county,  in  southeastern 
Maine,  and  limited  to  the  three  settlements  already  mentioned. 
We  may,  however,  add  to  it  the  area  of  the  Milieite  or  ''  Broken 
language  "  dialect,  which  is  heard  in  five  or  si.\  Indian  villages 
on  the  St  Johns  or  Ulastuk  river,  in  New  Hrunswick,  and  differs 
but  little  from  I'assamafiuoddy.  In  former  eenturi.;s  those  two 
dialectic  areas  were  much  more  extensive,  the  proof  of  thjij  jiest- 
ing  in  thesnread  of  ij^eoijp'pbic  pjunfa  «-<>iv1^m1  in  Passamaiiuoddv 
over,the  whole  of~Washingt(>n  and  Hancock  counties,  iipart  of 
Aroostook  county,  Maine,  and  over  the  western  part  of  the  New 
Brunswick  territory.  Just  as  large  as  this  historic  area  was  that 
of  tlie  Penobscot  dialect,  for,  as  the  local  names  still  demonstrate, 
it  embraced  the  whole  Penobscot  river  basin,  with  the  valleys 
of  its  numerous  tributaries. 

Inquiry  into  the  signification  of  historic  and  actual  geographic 
names  of  Indian  origin  has  of  late  become  j)opular  among  the 
educated  classes  of  Americans.  It  is  just  twelve  years  since 
Charles  Godfrey  Leiand  encouraged  those  who  might  be  able  to 
accomplish  the  task  to  solve  the  riddles  contained  in  the  names 
of  that  country,  mo.st  of  which  have  a  sound  so  musical  and 
harmonious?.*    Long  acquainted  with  the  great  historic  value  of 

♦The  Century  Muenzine.  New  York,  1884,  vol.  28,  pp.  C68-077,  in  I.elnnd's  artlolo  : 
"Legends"  of  the  I'lissnmiiquoddies." 


ii 


V  ■  ^-^«== 


ALL  MiOVM)  Till':  HAY  OF  I'MSSAMAUlODhY 


'M 


to)mf»m)>ln('  ntuiics,  Ti«'liui(rsHU<.'}i('sti()n  iiKluccd  iiic.uliilc study- 
in;;  tl)(!  (liiiloct,  to  list(Mi  to  tlu^  opinions  of  cnpiiltlc  hxliiins  \vli(>ii 
r  ro((Ui!st(!<l  tlicin  to  intcritn.'t  ii  scries  of"  tlicsf  nuincs.  Msmy 
inturpn'tiitions  tiiiis  oUtainod  vvcvt.  so  crudf  iind  un^riiniiniiti(i 
tliiit  tlicy  could  not  l)()sustiiin"d  torn  nioincul;  l»ut  tlu'  niiii»»iity 
of  those  rcstin}^  on  a  correct  lin^Miistic  Imsis  disclosed  the  fact 
that  th(!y  an^  mostly  compound  nouns  and  condtinations  eitlusr 
of  two  Huhstantives  or  of  an  adjective  an<3  a  sulistantive,  with 
the  suhstantivf  standing'  last.  In  the  first  case,  the  noun  stand- 
ing Ili'Ht  is  Homctinicf  coiniect(!d  with  the  noun  standing  second 
hy  the  easts-sullix  /,as  in  Kdu'ki  nrni'ku.  Ihrr  ixImuK  iVom  f-duk.f 
deer.  'I'he  local  names  around  the  hay  mostly  ntl'er  to  the  watery 
t'loment,  lor  the  terms  hfdi-Jt,  xnnil-hur,  cllj)',  luichi/  s/mrc,  IhIhihI, 
hcddhind,  point,  hnij  and  Cdrc,  riirri'nt  and  riiiijt'h'iirc  make  up 
almost  the  whole  terminology  of  the  region.  The  frequent  end-, 
ing  -k  (-ilk,  -tk,  -rtk,  -dk)  sometimes  nuirks  the  plural  of  a  nouuV 
considered  as  aninnite,  l»ut  more  iVeipUMitly  it  is  the  Innitlrr  nisc-  \ 
endiuff  ohserved  in  all  Algonkinian  dialects  under  vari(tus  forms. 
This  case-.suflix  corresponds  minutely  to  our  prepositions  at,  in, 
on,  vpaii,  (it  the  pidcc  or  upot  of.  It  also  ohtains  in  the  l'enol)scot 
and  Milieite  dialc(;ts;  hut  in  the  south  W(!st  coriK-r  of  Maine  occur 
a  numher  of  geographic  names  in  -rl.  -it,  -.'  which  approximates 
the  dialect  in  which  they  originate  to  that  of  Massachusetts  and 
of  Kliot's  Bihle.  So  we  meet  there  with  names  like  .\t)adasset, 
llarriseekit,  >hinset,  Millinoket.()gun<iuit,  i'ejepscot  (Sheepscot), 
Wehhamiet,  and  Wiscasset.  The  name  l*enohs(;ot  cannot  he  ad- 
duced here,  for  its  original  form  in  that  dialect  is  I'anawampskek, 
*' where  tlie  conical  rocks  arc."  ** 

The  [iididn  nnmcs  of  (elevations,  rivers,  and  localities  are  in 
this  article  spelt  in  a  scientiHt;  alphal)et  in  whicdi  the  vowels 
possess  the  value  of  anil  are  [tronounced  as  they  are  in  the  lan- 
guages of  the  European  continent.*  To  readi-rs  it  will  soon  ap- 
l)ear  how  inconsistently  the  Indian  names  were  rendered  hy  the 
American  and  Britisjli  natives  in  their  pronunciation  and  how 
often  partsof  them  weredropped  entirely.  These  Indian  names 
are  generally  easy  to  pronounce  for  Americans;  still,  Algonkin- 
ian  dialects  have  a  tendency  to  droj)  vowels  when  standing  l»e- 
tween  consonants  at  the  heginning  of  words.  This  cau.ses  a 
peculiar  difficulty  of  utterance,  and  makes  some  of  them  unj)ro- 
nounccahle  to  a  majority  of  English-speaking  people. 

*g  Is  always  liarrt  and  i  1ms  tlie  soiiiul  of  e  in  bucket. 


I 


ALL 


vM  Tj[j,;  jnY  oA'  ^'.iss^^fAQ!'onpy 


i 


A  hlH't  OK    INDt/VN   (IKOdltAIMIIC!    NAMIIS   OCCUUlirNti  AHOJ'ND    I'AhhA- 

MA(ii«»i>i)V  HAY,  maim:,  with  tiikik  dkuivaiionh 

Bar  Haibor,  Moniit  Drncrt,  iiml  Mount  DcHcrt  Mi\\u\  arc  all  calicil  in 
hiilian  IVi-Hank  or  IV'Hsan,  "at  the  (•lanl•lli^^^in^{  plac*'  or  plairH;" 
fVoiii  ('MM,  "mIk'II,"  ii't'iMiinj;  licrt'to  tlu'clani  only  ;   |)    prcllx,    an  ver- 
bal (Mxiill^. 
Bay  of  Fuudy,  a  Htorni-iM-ati'ii  conn'r  of  liic  Atlantif  ocean   ln'twt'OiJ 
C^\A>v*'   — ^         .No\ I.  Scotia  ami   New  l5rnnH\vick,  is  to  tiie  iniiiaiis  Wekwalieyituk, 
"  waves  at  the  lieail  of  the  hay,"  -tuk  referring' to  «aters  iliivt-n  in 
waves  or  nioveil  l»y  tiie  tidt*.     Nowhere  else  in  the  world  are  the  tiden 
so  hi^.'h  as  in  tliis  iiay.     (See  (hik  bay.) 
Ijl  Bishop's  point,  a  locality  on  north  head  of  (irand  Manan  island,  New 
Hrnnswick.     its  Indian  name,  Mndebe-nhij.'en,  means  death-trap  of 
whales,  from  bndebi'ii,  "whale";  -hi^en,  a  sntlix  which  stands  for 
"  tool  '"  or  "  iiistrnmcnt." 
Campobello  island,  New  Mrnnswick,  is  called  Kbay:wi'dek,  from  its  posi- 
tion between  Maine  and  the  nuiinland  of  New  I'lrnnswick,  "  llontin^r 
between  ;"  cba,  bet  ween  ;  ^widen,  (loatiii;;.     Another  Indian  .lame 
^^>  for  this  island  is  Ivllitik,  which  seems  to  refer  to  the  sn<lden  deepen- 

ing of  the  waters  on  the  west  side. 
Cherry  island,  a  rocky  formation  jnsi  south  of  Indian  island.  New  Mruns- 
wick,  is  known  to  the  native  Indian  as  Mfsik  ncn">*"^.  ""'  "'*'  I'ttlo 
island  of  trees."     Misi  is  "tree"  or  "trees;"  misik,  "where  trt'CH 
stand;"   ncVu,  abbreviation  of  m'nfkn,  "island;"    -sis,  diininutivo 
endinj;. 
Cobscook  bay,  a  body  of  salt  water  lyin^'  west  and  southwest  of  Moos»> 
island.     It  is  th(>  Indian  term  kiipskid;,  "at   the  waterfalls."     The 
tide,  rising:  here  daily  to  about  twi-nty  l"eet,  enters  into  the  sinuosi- 
ties of  the  sliorelands,  and  the  waters  returning:  to  the  ocean  form 
rapids,  i-i(Iles,  or  cascades  (kiipsku). 
^  ^1    .^   Deer  island,  New  Hrnnswick,  a  larj.'e  isle  at  the  southern  extremity  of 
r\,'  I'assanuKpioddy  buy,  is  Kdi'iki  ui'niku,  "of  the  deer  tin-  island." 

•  D'Orville's  head,  eminence  where  St  Croix  river  empties  into  Tassama- 

(pioddy  bay  ;  KwaKUstelms'k,  "  at  the  dirty  mountain  ;  "  from  kwa^- 
weyu,  "dirty;"   tchus,  "mountain;"  -k,  locative  particle,  "at." 
The  name  was  long  ajro  corrupted  into  the  more  popidar  "  Devil's 
liead."     UL^  ^  ^ 
•»,^  Eastport,  city  and  harbor,  has  the  same  It   'ian  mime  as  Moim-  idunil. 

upon  whi(;li  it  is  built,  Miiselenk.  This  is  a  corruption  from  the  hy- 
brid compound  !Mus-i11;ind'k,  its  .second  half  being  a  corruption  of 
ixUiiiif,  with  the  locative -k  appended.  The  locality  wheie  the  las 
moo.se  was  killed,  about  a  century  ago,  lies  on  its  northern  part.  The 
genuine  Indian  name  for  Moose  island  is  Mus  m'nfkn.  The  Moose 
ielanders  (and  the  Kasti)ort  people  especiall-  )  are  called  MusCieniek. 
Eel  brook,  a  small  rivulet  at  the  northern  end  of  (irand  ^lanan  island, 
is  in  Indian  Katekadik,  which  stands  for  Kat-akadik,  and  signifies 
"  where  (-k)  eels  (katj  are  plentiful  (akiidi)." 


^c^ 


»AJ 


u'JM^A 


MdOSO 

The 
111  form 
iiiity  i)f 

ISJ^tllllil- 

k  wiij;- 

'•at." 

Devil's 

Ill"  liy- 
tii>n  of 
lie  liiH 
Tlie 
.Aloose 
I'niek. 
i»ian(l, 
ijriiitlef 


,v^? 


\] 


M.i.  AHovsh  Tin-:  ii.tr  or  i'.issA.)t.i<^((nn>y 


22 


»*i 


^- 


Oardiiet's  lake,  in  Marhin-i  fowiidiip,  'ix  callnl   NrmdaniHw'  .imiin.  tlio 
tcriii  iii'iinlain  ilcMiuMuitiii;;  a  H|M'i-i('H  of  ficsli-watt'i'  ll»'li    niHliiii^  up 
'    ookn  mid  I'liuiiiit'N  i  U''"!.  niniiiril) ;  li^iiiii,  "liik«'." 
Grand   Manaii,  .New  llniii-wii'k.  a  laru'f  i^laml  willi   liiyli  "lioics,  south 
of  l'iiHMaiiiai|iio(|(ly  lniy,  i^  tlic   MiMiamik  of  the  linliaiis.      Die  iiaiiut 
prohalily  Hi),;iiilleM  "at  the  iHlaini  "  in  the  Mirinae  ilialert. 
Berring  cove,  a  iaiife  sea-linifh  oiitheeiot  side  of  ('aiiijioliell.i  island, I 
facinu  I'nndy  hay  ami  (irand   .Manaii  inland,  is  ealleil   rilihaiiikfak.l 
"at  the  lon^{  lieacli ;  "   pilt'li(''yii,  ('/  in  Iidhj  ;  anik,  i/rmd;     kie,  lumli  ; 
locativti  cane,    kfak.      This  cove  hits  lately  heen  iiiadi'  uccessilile  hy 
a  }rood  road  lea<liii^  to  it   from  the  Tyii-y-eoed   hotel,  and  with  itH 
pictiiresiine  viewx  and  ilH  iniillieolored  pelihles  foriiiH  ijiiile  an  attiac- 
ti<ni  to  visitorH. 
Indian  island,  New  Mniiiswick,  I'nrniH  a  narrow  strip  of  one  and  a  half 
iniU-s'  lenv'th  at   the  soiitliwestern  entranee  to  rassainaijiioddy  hay, 
and   was    inhahited    hy  these    Indians    hefore  they  eroi'sed  over  t(» 
Lineoin's  point  and  IMeasant  point,  Maine.     They  eall  it  .Mi>Hx-iieL"is./ 
"at  the  tree  island."     The  iiatjie  of  C'lerrv  island  di.  v.)  is  a  diinimiy 
live  of  this. 
Kendall's  head,  a  hold  headlami  in  northern  part  of  Moose  island  And 
y^j^  faein;;  Deer  islaml,  New  llninswiek,  upon  the  "  westt-rn  pttssa;,'e  "  of 

.       jv***"    !^t  Croix  river,  is  railed  by  the  Imlians  \Vahf),'eii(''k,  of  "  at  th-whilo 
.1  k~        hone,"  or  WahiVt^n,  "white  hoiu',"  from  tliu^'VNliile  coin'-  of  a  rock 
led>;e  on  its  top;  wiihi,  irhitc  ;  -)"'"^r  -t^^n,  Imiif ;  -k,  nl. 
Kunaskw&mkuk,  ahhreviiited  frecpieiitly  into  Knnaskwamk.  is  a  eoin- 
prehensiv*'  name  jriven  to  the  town  of  St  .\inli('ws.  New  Ihiiiiswick, 
to  the  heights  ahove  and  north  of  it,  where  the  AI;;on(piin  hotel  is   . 
erected,  and  to  the  coast  between  St  Andri'Ws  and  .loe's  jtoint.     The 
name  sinnities  "at  the  jfravel   beach  of  the   pointed   top;"    kniiii, 
"  point,"  referring  to  a  sandbar  projectinjf  into  the  hay  ;   knnaskwa, 
"pointed  top  or  extremity;"   aink,  "^travel,"  and   here  "  ^jravelly 
beaeli;"  -nk,  locative  ending;,  til,  on,  ii/mii. 
Lubec,  a  village  sonth  of  Kastport,  at  the  narrows  1  ?tween  Campohcllo 
island  and  the  mainland  of  Maine,  is  called   Kehamki'ak,  "at  the 
beach  forming  the  narrows."     Kebe-ik  means  "at  the  narrows,"  and 
is  the  same  word  as  the  Oree  and   Moiitajjnais:    Kehek,  (jihluc,  in 
('anada  ;  -ki'ak  is  the  locative  case  of  kie,  "at  the  beaeli  or  beaches." 
Maohias  and  East  Machias,  two  towns  on  the  sonthern  trend  of  tlit> 
]Maine  eoast,  in  WaHliin<rton  county,  whieh  were  settled  from  Sci;r- 

boron<;h,  in  Maine,  represent  the  term  Mietchiess,  i '  i'  f  n  , 

Meddybemps  village  and    Meddybemps   lake,  draincMl  by  DennyM 
river,  Dennysville  tow  i.    •,  are  <'alled  after  a  fres!i-water  Ush,  mr-de- 
besH'm,  or  the  lidhponl. 
Moose  island.     ^Seo  Kastpoil.) 

Moosehead  lake,  in  the^interior  of  Maine,  I'iscataquis  county,  is  called 
in  I'assumaqnoddy  Ktclii-^;Ufi^.  "at  the  wide  outlet."  A  literal 
translation  of  the  Enjirlish  name  would  be  Musatp  ajfcmuk  ;  nius, 
"  moose  deer  ;  "  -atp  suffix  referring  to  "head;"  i'lgemnk,  "  at  the 
lake."     Chesuncook  is  in  Penohwol  dialect  the  name  of  a  lake  to  the 


gJ^ 


U^ 


■'^. 


•A*" 


IaX 


!l(t»"' 


iv 


IJ 


v.; 


23 


ALL  A  HOUND  THE  BAY  OF  PASHA  MAQVODDY 


! 


northeast  of  ^looseliead   lake,   and  Hignifies   "at  the  ])ig  outlet," 
Ktchi-siinkuk. 

Mount  Katahdin,  on  Peiiohsoot  i-lvor,  though  its  name  is  worded  in  the 
Penobsoot  dialect,  may  be  mentioned  here  as  signifying  "  large  moun- 
tain;" the  syllable  kt-  is  equivalent  to  ktchf,  '•  large,  great,  big;  " 
■id'ne,  ad'na,  is  "  mountain."  The  Penobscot  Indians  pronounce  it 
Ktil'd'n  ((t  short);  the  Passama(iiioddies,  Ktfid'n  {a  long). 

Norumbega  is  the  alleged  name  of  a  river  and  .-iome  ant;ient  villages  or 
Indian  "cities"  in  Maine,  spelled  in  nnmy  ditl'erent  ways,  but  never 
located  with  any  decree  of  (lertaiuty.  The  name  dots  not  stand  for 
any  Indian  settlement,  but  is  a  term  of  the  .\buaki  languages,  which 
in  Penobscot  sounds  nalambigi,  in  Passamaquoddy  nalabegik — lioth 
referring  to  the  "  still,  (luiet "  (nala-)  stretch  of  a  river  between  two 
rifiles,  rai)ids,  or  cascades ;  -bcgik,  for  nipcgik,  means  "at  the  water." 
On  the  larger  rivers  ami  watercourses  of  Maine  ten  to  twenty  of  these 
"  still  water  stretches  "  may  occur  on  each  ;  hence  the  impossibility 
of  determining  the  sites  meant  by  the  old  authors  speaking  of  these 
localities.  NaranLvuik,  now  Norridgewok,  on  middle  Penobf?t!ot  river, 
has  the  same  meaning. 

Oak  bay,  a  large  inlet  of  St  Croi.t  river,  east  of  the  city  of  Calais,  is 
named  Wekwayik— "  at  the  head  of  the  bay." 

Passamaquoddy  bay,  according  to  its  orthography  now  current,  means 
the  bay  where  pollock  is  numerous  or  plentiful.  The  English  si)ell- 
ing  of  the  name  is  not  (juite  correcit,  for  the  Indians  pronounce  it 
PeskC'dCmakiidi  pekudebegek.  Pesk(5dein  is  the  pollock-fish  or  '•  skip- 
per," "jumper  ;"  called  so  from  its  habit  of  skipping  above  the  sur- 
face of  the  water  and  falling  into  it  again  ;  -kadi,  -akadi  is  a  sufiix, 
marking  plciity  or  abundance  of  the  object  in  question.  (Cf.  the  :iame 
Acadia,  derived  from  this  ending.)  There  are  several  places  on  the 
shores  of  this  bay  especially  favorable  for  the  catch  of  this  food-tish, 
like  East  Quoddy  head,  etc,  as  mentioned  previously  in  thia  article. 
Quoddy,  the  abbreviated  name  now  given  to  a  hotel  in  Eastport, 
shonld  be  spelt :  Kadi  or  Akadi,  for  there  is  no  w-sound  in  this  Indian 
term,  and  it  would  be  better  to  write  the  name  of  the  bay,  if  scientific 
accuracy  is  desired,  "  Peskedemakadi  bay." 

Pembroke  lake,  a  long  water  sheet,  stretching  from  north  west  to  south- 
east, is  in  In<mn  Imnakwau  agum,  or  "  the  lake  where  sweet  tree- 
sap  is  obtained."  Makwan,  or  "  sweet,"  stands  for  the  liquid  sugar 
running  from  the  sugar  maple  in  season.     Agum  means  "  lake." 

Pleasant  point,  Indian  village  on  the  western  shore  of  St  Croix  river,  is 
called  Siba-ik,  Sibayik  :  "at  the  water-passage,  on  the  thoroughfare 
for  ships  or  canoes,"   which  refers  to  the  sites  just  south  of  the 

"point."  vMt  J»'  <l 

Princeton,  a  village  on  the  Kennebasis  riycr,  south  shore  (an  affluent  of 

tlie  St  Croix  river  from  tne"west),  is  called  Mdakmfguk,  "  on  the 

rising  soil ;  "  from  mda,  "  high,  rising,"  and  kmfgu,  an  abbreviation 

of  ktakmfgu,  "  laud,  soil,  territory." 
Red  Beach,  on  west  shore  of  lower  St  Croix  river,  Calais  township, 

above  Robbiustou,   is   named   Mekwamkes'k,    "at  the  small  red 


.\  w- 


to  south- 
veet  tree- 
uid  sugar 
ike." 
<  river,  is 
ouglifare 
h  of  the 


-T- 


,rl^' 


•y 

ig  outlet," 

rded  in  tiie 
urge  mouu- 
etit,  big;  " 
jiiounce  it 

villages  or 
but  never 
t  stand  for 
ges,  which 
''gik — l)oth 
tween  two 
he  water. ' ' 
ty  of  these 
po8.ribility 
Ig  of  these 
>sCot  river, 

Calais,  is 

mt,  means 
;lish  si)ell- 
nounce  it 
or'-skip- 
e  the  sur- 
s  a  suffix, 
the  '.lanie 
es  on  the 
food- fish, 
is  article. 
Eastport, 
lis  Indian 
scientific 


ALL  AROUND  THE  HAY  OF  PASSAMAQUODDY 


■24 


Schoodic 


St  Croi 


origin,  '"or  a  long  distance  it  forms  the  frontier  heiwccn  Maine 
(Was'liiiigton  county)  and  New  Bnniswick.  The  French  name,  "  Holy 
Cro.«H,"  came  from  a  cross  erected  by  early  French  explorers. 

St  Francis  river,  in  Canada,  Ontario  province,  upon  which  Indians 
cognate  to  tlie  Penobscots  of  Maine  are  living,  is  called  by  tliem 
Lesigantuk,  a  contraction  of  IJlastig.'in-tuk.  The  same  name  is  given 
to  their  village  and  to  the  natives  themselves. 

St  Oeo.ge  and  St  Seorge  river,  emptying  into  tlie  northeast  end  of 
Pas-samaqnoddy  bay,  are  just  as  well  known  by  their  Indian  name, 
Megigadowik,  "many  eel.'-  having;"  from  nu'gi,  maiii/ ;  gat  or  kat. 
eel;  -wi,  adjectival  ending;  -k,  locative  case  sullix. 

St  John  river,  running  near  the  western  border  of  New  Brunswick  and 
its  large  tributary,  the  Aroostook,  are  both  called  in  Penobscot  anil 
in  Passamaquoddy,  Uia.stuk,  "good  river,"  meaning  river  of  easy 
navigatiop,  without  cascades,  falls,  or  rapids;  from  ula,  wuli,  (jood  ; 
-tnk,  tida.  liver  and  watfa  driven  in  waves. 


I  . ,-  ( 


ffluent  of 
"  on  the 
reviation 


jwnship, 
nail  red 


